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technical analysis: paul merchants limited (539113) ✌️【Risk Avoidance】✌️ Expert predictions of stock trends with real-time stock indices, metals, energy, and agricultural product data to help you make efficient investment decisions. They risked hefty fines by refusing to wear them and sometimes ended up in jail. In one case in San Francisco, an organized group called the “Anti-Mask League” held a protest in a local ballroom that wasattendedby about 2,000 people in January 1919.

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Just last month in Michigan, the day after Gov. Gretchen Whitmer imposed a mask mandate, a man was shot dead by police after stabbing a male customer in a dispute over not wearing a face mask in a store.

“Today, the anti-mask sentiment has a virulence and violence of its own that we didn’t see back then,” Markel told 【 - Free Expert Investment Advice 】.

technical analysis: paul merchants limited (539113) ✌️【Risk Avoidance】✌️ Free stock data analysis tools to help you select stocks accurately and capture global market trends. Stay ahead with expert market predictions for better investment returns. The 1918 influenza pandemickilled an estimated 675,000 Americans, according to the CDC. At the time, public health authorities and groups like the American Red Cross strongly recommended that Americans wear face masks to curb the spread of the virus, along with following social distancing guidelines and practicing proper hygiene.

In 1918, “lots of people grumbled about wearing masks, or even refused to do so, but they weren’t doing so because of a political stance or partisan allegiance,” said Alexander Navarro, assistant director of the Center for the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan.

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“The party system a century ago wasn’t as heavily aligned along ideological lines, and certainly not along social and cultural issues to the same extent it is today. Today, there are people who refuse to wear a mask out public simply as a way of ‘sticking it to the libs,’” Navarro said.

By 1918, the use of masks in medical settings was widespread as more doctors subscribed to germ theory and saw the need to maintain sterile conditions in operating rooms, according to Navarro.

technical analysis: paul merchants limited (539113) ✌️【Risk Avoidance】✌️ AI-driven stock trend forecasting with free access to real-time market data, offering personalized investment advice and expert predictions. At the time, health officials were aware that influenza was a respiratory disease spread through droplets, so masks were seen as a useful tool to contain the virus. Their use was widely recommended and made mandatory in some cities.

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technical analysis: paul merchants limited (539113) ✌️【Risk Avoidance】✌️ Free expert predictions on stock trends and real-time data to help you make informed decisions and grow your wealth steadily. Most masks worn by regular people were made of a cheesecloth-like gauze or various types of fabric. Newspapers would publish guides on how to sew your own mask, andhighlight fashionable stylesmade out of chiffon to entice women to wear them, Navarro said.

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“The wartime flavor of this is huge. Slacker is what you called someone who wasn’t supporting the wartime effort,” said Nancy Tomes, a historian of medicine at Stony Brook University

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“Lots of elected officials as well as public health officers were telling people to wear masks as part of their civic duty,” Navarro told 【 - Free Expert Investment Advice 】. “They were trying to tap into this idea that if you couldn’t be over there fighting alongside our boys overseas, you could be doing your part here on the home front.”

It’s important to note how in 1918 America, the response to the pandemic was largely left up to community leaders at the local level.

“Nobody really expected the federal government to be involved in a crisis like this outside of the military response and quarantining of military camps,” Navarro said.

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technical analysis: paul merchants limited (539113) ✌️【Risk Avoidance】✌️ Free access to stock market forums, expert advice, and real-time data to help you stay informed and grow your investments. According to Markel, the opposition to wearing masks was “a very minor aspect” of the 1918 pandemic, all things considered. These sentiments were stronger in cities that instituted mask mandates, both Markel and Navarro told 【 - Free Expert Investment Advice 】.

“Places like Denver, Seattle, San Francisco, Oakland, Phoenix, Sacramento, Pasadena, Fresno, Juneau, and others made their use mandatory at one point or another during their epidemics,” Navarro said.

technical analysis: paul merchants limited (539113) ✌️【Risk Avoidance】✌️ Get precise stock market predictions and free access to real-time market data for efficient decision-making and portfolio growth. Western cities, where mask mandates were more prevalent, were hit by the flu pandemic in a matter of weeks after the virus ravaged the East Coast of the United States, Markel said. On the East Coast, masks were recommended but not mandatory for the general population.

technical analysis: paul merchants limited (539113) ✌️【Risk Avoidance】✌️ Expert analysis of global stock trends, futures data, and real-time stock market quotes to help you plan your next investment move. According to Tomes, concerns about the effectiveness of enforcing a mask mandate may have kept local authorities from adopting them.

“The thinking was that they should be enforcing the anti-spitting laws that were already on the books after the tuberculosis epidemic, rather than introduce something new,” Tomes explained.

In San Francisco, where Health Officer Dr. William Hassler made it a point to make masks an integral part of the city’s pandemic response, two mandatory mask orders were implemented between 1918 and 1919, along with other interventions like business and school closures. The city was among the hardest hit by the flu, with a total excess death rate of 673 per 100,000 people.

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technical analysis: paul merchants limited (539113) ✌️【Risk Avoidance】✌️ Professional investment advice with real-time updates on stock indices and futures data. Stay ahead with expert predictions and market insights. The first mask mandate in San Francisco went into effect on October 25, 1918, and while it wasn’t popular, news coverage of the time reviewed in theInfluenza Encyclopedia(a project of the Center for the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan) suggests that 4 in 5 San Franciscans were compliant. The reports are to be taken with a grain of salt, since no formal surveys were conducted, Navarro said.

technical analysis: paul merchants limited (539113) ✌️【Risk Avoidance】✌️ Free break-even services and stock analysis to help you recover quickly from losses and increase your chances of making profitable investments. Many San Franciscans, however, got in trouble with the law for breaking the rules. On October 27, 1918, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that 110 people were arrested and charged with “disturbing the peace” for not wearing their masks at all or not wearing them properly. On November 9, 1918, 1,000 people were arrested for being “mask slackers,” crowding the prison. The story was also published in the Chronicle.

technical analysis: paul merchants limited (539113) ✌️【Risk Avoidance】✌️ Real-time global stock market trend analysis to help you identify profitable opportunities and improve your investment strategies. As cases spiked again in the winter, a second mask order in San Francisco was issued in January 1919. That’s when the “Anti-Mask League” formed and held their protest, pushing back against the need for the new restrictions.

In Denver, a mask order was enacted to avoid a second round of closures and gathering bans in November 1918.

“According to newspaper reports, people just basically mocked the mask order. There was widespread opposition and defiance – people refusing to wear their masks,” Navarro told 【 - Free Expert Investment Advice 】.

“It took the health officer three tries before an order was passed, to go into effect if the epidemic resurged again,” Navarro said.

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“It was basically a judgment call,” Markel said. “If it was good enough for the operating room, maybe it was good for this, but there were no real studies like we would do or data to justify it.”

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“We have so many more resources, but we are unable to deploy them effectively because of insane politics,” Tomes said.

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But what he finds “particularly frightening” about the coronavirus pandemic in America is how “something that ought to be science-based and non-partisan and objective, in the 21st century, has become political,” he said.

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“We all live in a community of people, and therefore we have an obligation to each other, to our families, and to ourselves to do the best we can,” Markel said.

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“All these tools are like layers of Swiss cheese. They all have holes in it, but if you layer them together, you kind of block up the holes,” Markel said.

In 2020, masks use more advanced materials than the cheesecloth and gauze that our ancestors wore on their faces in 1918.

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Correction: An earlier version of this story incorrectly described the circumstances surrounding the death of a man after a dispute at a Michigan store. The man was shot and killed by police.

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