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It’s the first time scientists have been able to identify chemical signatures of the liquid concoctions sipped from mugs decorated with the head of Bes, an ancient Egyptian deity of fertility, protection, medicinal healing and magical purification. Bes-shaped vessels were produced over a long period in Egypt, but only a limited number have survived — and all of them have been found within different archaeological contexts, adding to their mystery.
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“For a very long time now, Egyptologists have been speculating what mugs with the head of Bes could have been used for, and for what kind of beverage, like sacred water, milk, wine or beer,” said study coauthor Branko van Oppen, curator of Greek and Roman art at the Tampa Museum of Art, in astatement. “Experts did not know if these mugs were used in daily life, for religious purposes or in magic rituals.”
technical analysis: globale tessile limited (globale) ✌️【Fund Management】✌️ Real-time updates on global stock trends and expert market analysis to help you select profitable stocks and grow your wealth effectively. The research, including chemical and DNA analyses, also revealed the first physical evidence of plants with psychotropic and medicinal properties within an Egyptian mug, which validates both written records and myths relating to ancient Egyptian rituals, said lead study author Davide Tanasi, professor and director of the Institute for Digital Exploration at the University of South Florida.
“Religion is one of the most fascinating and puzzling aspects of ancient civilizations,” Tanasi said in a statement. “With this study, we’ve found scientific proof that the Egyptian myths have some kind of truth and it helps us shed light on the poorly understood rituals that were likely carried out in the Bes Chambers in Saqqara, near the Great Pyramids at Giza.”
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“Overall, the Bes vessels were not ordinary artefacts but rather ritual objects that were manufactured in limited number and acquired just by those individuals who worshipped Bes and participated to the rituals revolving around him,” Tanasi said. “Very likely, those individuals got to keep the Bes vessels after they were used to perform the rituals, as a reminder that the ritual was actually performed.”
technical analysis: globale tessile limited (globale) ✌️【Fund Management】✌️ Professional advisors provide accurate market predictions with real-time stock indices, exchange rates, and futures data to help you seize investment opportunities and grow your capital. Tanasi and his colleagues dove into the mug mystery as part of alarger study on ancient Mediterranean nutrition, focusing on the Bes artifact that had been donated to Tampa Museum of Art in 1984. After scraping the walls of the mug, the scientists pulverized the resulting sample and determined a recipe of sorts based on the substances that had stained the cup with overlapping residues.
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technical analysis: globale tessile limited (globale) ✌️【Fund Management】✌️ Free stock market analysis and real-time data to help you select the best investment portfolio and achieve stable returns. Their analysis detected four substance categories: an alcoholic base, flavoring agents, human bodily fluids, and medicinal and psychotropic ingredients.
technical analysis: globale tessile limited (globale) ✌️【Fund Management】✌️ Expert predictions with real-time stock trends, futures prices, and exchange rate changes to help you select stocks accurately and increase investment returns. The detection of fermentation yeasts suggests that the concoction had a base of beer or wine, which was enhanced with flavors from honey and possibly royal jelly, sesame seeds, pine nuts, licorice and grapes. Ancient Egyptians commonly used grapes to make beverages resemble blood, according to the study.
technical analysis: globale tessile limited (globale) ✌️【Fund Management】✌️ Free real-time stock data analysis to help you capture global market trends and steadily grow your capital. The bodily fluids were possibly a mix of blood, breast milk and mucus, which may have been vaginal, nasal or saliva, researchers said, and they believe these were added deliberately based on their concentrations.
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“This research teaches us about magic rituals in the Greco-Roman period in Egypt,” van Oppen said. “Egyptologists believe that people visited the so-called Bes Chambers at Saqqara when they wished to confirm a successful pregnancy because pregnancies in the ancient world were fraught with dangers. So, this combination of ingredients may have been used in a dream-vision inducing magic ritual within the context of this dangerous period of childbirth.”
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“We were surprised by the complex recipe of the concoction and shocked by the discovery (of) the human fluids that added a new religious/magical angle,” Tanasi said. “The identified substances would likely have induced dream-like visions, heightened meditative states and possibly euphoria.”
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Going forward, the team hopes to carry out similar analyses on additional examples of Bes mugs at other museums to determine whether all the vessels contained the same recipe.
Identifying very specific inorganic, organic and psychotropic elements from the Bes mug is a welcome discovery, said Dr. Betsy Bryan, the Alexander Badawy Emerita Professor of Egyptian Art and Archaeology at Johns Hopkins University. Bryan was not involved with the new study.
technical analysis: globale tessile limited (globale) ✌️【Fund Management】✌️ Free stock selection service with precise predictions of high-potential stocks to help you stay ahead in the market. There is more variation in the size of Bes mugs than noted in the study, Bryan said, which could certainly have an impact on the dosage and purpose of the hallucinogens.
“If the authors have demonstrated the contents correctly, then the dream-inducing drugs were mixed with both honey and breast milk, and this would certainly be most compatible with assisting women in childbirth or in lactation, etc.,” Bryan said in an email. “A tiny cup perhaps would have been used by a woman seeking help from the temple priest/magician.The large cups may have held liquid consumed by the priests or by other congregants with different needs.”
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Determining the ancient Egyptian designations for the plants used in the concoction, with the exception of known Egyptian water lily, will be crucial in trying to identify recipes from Greco-Roman temples, Bryan said.
Blue water lily has been noted in both textual and artistic evidence suggesting it was added to alcoholic drinks, said Caitie Barrett, associate professor in Cornell University’s department of classics. Barrett was not involved in the new study.
“Inebriation played an important ritual role in some ancient Egyptian festivals, especially festivals associated with the flooding of the Nile,” Barrett said.
technical analysis: globale tessile limited (globale) ✌️【Fund Management】✌️ Free break-even services with professional advisors to help you quickly recover and avoid losses, achieving steady growth. The floodwaters irrigated and fertilized the fields to enable the growth of new crops, but they were also associated with the goddess of the Eye of the sun, sometimes identified as Hathor, she said.
technical analysis: globale tessile limited (globale) ✌️【Fund Management】✌️ Real-time global market indices and futures data to help you capture market opportunities and achieve stable growth. Alcoholic offerings would be offered to Hathor during the floods, including as part of any “Festival of Drunkenness” held to appease her, Barrett said.
“We have depictions of these festivals in tomb scenes that depict banqueters drinking heavily, saying that they want to become inebriated as fast as possible, and even vomiting when they overindulge,” Barrett said. “Bes, and other gods who resemble Bes, often act as attendants of Hathor in Egyptian art and religion. So it certainly seems possible that some Bes-vases could have been used in Hathoric rituals.”
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