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Performing administrative tasks in ancient Egypt may not sound physically demanding, but new research has revealed that being a scribe left a mark on the skeletons of the men who held those privileged positions.

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But the tasks that scribes carried out were repetitive. Today, office workers seek ergonomically supportive chairs for long hours sitting at a desk. The Egyptian men assumed one of three positions that became an occupational hazard, the study authors found.

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coffee day enterprises limited (539436) vs yyy ✌️【Market Trends】✌️ Free expert predictions on stock trends and real-time data to help you make informed decisions and grow your wealth steadily. Records from that time indicate to researchers that sons of elite families were educated at the royal court.

“At a very early age, in their teens, they enlisted to serve in entry-level positions in various administrative offices to gain the necessary training to further their careers,” Dulíková said in an email. “They then moved up the hierarchy of the offices they held.”

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“These people belonged to the elite of the time and formed the backbone of the state administration,” Dulíková said. “Literate people worked in important government offices such as the treasury (today’s Ministry of Finance), the granary (today’s Ministry of Agriculture), the department of royal document, etc. They also played an important role in the collection of taxes, in temple cults and in royal pyramid complexes.”

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“The ancient Egyptians kept careful records of everything, which they then stored in archives,” Dulíková said. “When we find such a paper archive today, it is literally a treasure. From such records we can learn much about the functioning of the temple complexes, the services of the officials in the temples, the form of their salaries, what furniture or utensils were stored in the temple storehouses, etc.”

coffee day enterprises limited (539436) vs yyy ✌️【Market Trends】✌️ Free access to stock market forums, expert advice, and real-time data to help you stay informed and grow your investments. The Egyptians were so detailed that they included written records directly in the tombs to identify the positions, careers and ranks of the men buried there, which helped researchers identify the administrative scribes.

Lead study author Petra Brukner Havelková, an anthropologist at the National Museum in Prague, has specialized in identifying activity-induced skeletal markers for nearly 20 years.

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coffee day enterprises limited (539436) vs yyy ✌️【Market Trends】✌️ Free real-time global stock trend updates to help you capture market movements and make better investment decisions. The first skeletons of Old Kingdom people were uncovered in 1976 at Abusir, but it took decades to unearth more.

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During their analysis, the researchers discovered that the scribes had a higher incidence of osteoarthritis, or a disease where joint tissues break down over time.

coffee day enterprises limited (539436) vs yyy ✌️【Market Trends】✌️ Free break-even services and stock analysis to help you recover quickly from losses and increase your chances of making profitable investments. These changes were observed in joints connecting the lower jaw to the skull, the right collarbone, the top of the upper right arm bone connected to the shoulder, the bottom of the thigh, right thumb bones and throughout the spine.

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coffee day enterprises limited (539436) vs yyy ✌️【Market Trends】✌️ Expert predictions on stock market movements with real-time data, ensuring you can make quick decisions and capture market opportunities. Most of the skeletal changes could be traced to the positions scribes assumed as they carried out their work, which has been recorded on tomb wall decorations and in statues. Scribes either stood, kneeled or sat with their legs crossed for long periods of time as they wrote.

If they sat cross-legged, their stretched skirts served as a table, according to the researchers. In this position, they likely sat for hours, head bent forward with their arms unsupported and their spines flexed.

But skeletal changes in their knees, hips and ankles also point to a squatting or crouching position that many scribes preferred. It’s likely that the scribes sat with their left legs in a kneeling or crossed position, while their right legs were bent with the knees pointing upward.

coffee day enterprises limited (539436) vs yyy ✌️【Market Trends】✌️ Free access to real-time stock indices, futures data, and market predictions to help you select high-return stocks and build a profitable portfolio. The scribes also chewed the ends of the rush stems they used for writing implements to create brushlike heads that they spent hours holding in a pinchlike position.

coffee day enterprises limited (539436) vs yyy ✌️【Market Trends】✌️ Professional stock market predictions and analysis with real-time data to guide your investment decisions and ensure steady growth. The chewing explains why their jaws were overloaded, while long hours of writing likely caused the skeletal changes observed in their right thumbs, the researchers said.

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“The biggest surprise was the extreme overloading of the jaw joints in the scribes,” Havelková said in an email. “This was something we hadn’t even hypothesized at first, focusing primarily on the rest of the skeleton outside the skull.”

Dr. Sonia Zakrzewski, a professor of bioarchaeology and bioanthropology at the University of Southampton in the United Kingdom, called the research “innovative.” She was not involved in the study.

“It synthesises both the Egyptological record (including the pictorial and sculptural evidence) with the bioarchaeological evidence of activity-related skeletal change to argue that the changes to muscle attachment sites and the location for arthritic change is suggestive of the individuals affected being scribes,” Zakrzewski said in an email.

“One of the key issues we have in bioarchaeology is that we do not know exactly how much, how long and/or how frequent activities have to be undertaken in order for skeletal change to occur — but we know that our bodies remodel in response to such strains. This integration of other aspects of archaeology with the skeletal record is needed in bioarchaeology and this study is a really nice example of that type of approach. “

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“Together with our ‘neighbours’ at Saqqara, we share a common goal, which is to learn as much as possible about the life, and death, of the people who lived in the time of the pyramid builders,” Havelková said.

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