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You have probably seen leaf-cutter ants carrying bits of plants, maybe in a nature documentary, at a science museum or in the“Circle of Life” songat the beginning of the 1994 Disney animated film “The Lion King.”

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Fungi are a kingdom of life more closely related to animals than to plants, and many of them consume decaying plant matter. Some fungi make fruiting bodies that we know as mushrooms as part of their reproductive cycles, but they also produce a branching network of threadlike structures calledhyphae. Exactly 150 years ago, scientists first discovered that leaf-cutter ants were cultivating gardens of fungi inside their nests, feeding the fungi bits of leaves and in turn eating the tips of the fungal webs.

“Ants practice agriculture just like humans,” said lead study authorDr. Ted R. Schultz, a research entomologist and curator ofhymenopteraat the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC. “They have small brains, and yet they manage to carry out this complicated suite of behaviors.”

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“There’s actually evidence that fungi proliferated briefly right after the end of theCretaceous-Paleogene event,” Schultz said.

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Dr. Corrie Moreau, a professor of entomology and evolutionary biology at Cornell University in upstate New York, agreed with Schultz’s hypothesis that the asteroid impact led to the evolution of fungus farming in ants.

“It’s one of those things that they can never prove unless we get a time machine, but they line up what’s happening with the fungi and the ants with what was happening globally,” said Moreau, who was not involved with the study. “You can see this almost one-to-one relationship.”

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“When a daughter queen gets ready to leave her mother’s nest and start her own nest, she takes a little bit of her mother’s fungus in her mouth,” Schultz said.

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“Humans have been practicing agriculture for 12,000 years,” Schultz said. “Ants, for 66 million years.”

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“We’re constantly dealing with antibiotic resistance and trying to find new antibiotics to overcome that,” Schultz said. “If we could figure out how they’ve been doing that, I don’t see how that couldn’t inform the practice of human agriculture and improve it.”

Kate Golembiewskiis a freelance science writer based in Chicago who geeks out about zoology, thermodynamics and death.

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