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is union bank of india (532477) a good buy now ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Free stock data analysis tools to help you select stocks accurately and capture global market trends. Stay ahead with expert market predictions for better investment returns. While the race for a Covid-19 vaccine continues, scientists are learning more about the early vaccines used to fight smallpox, the only human infectious disease to besuccessfullyeradicated.

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Between Jenner’s early trials and the diffusion of modern and standardized vaccination practices that led the World Health Organization to declare smallpox eradicated in 1980, physicians practiced human-to-human vaccination. That involved harvesting infectious materials from one individual and applying them to a wound on a healthy person to cause an immune reaction.

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“The molecules that we collected from these objects were very degraded, they were not intact virions or genomes, but rather small, short pieces of DNA that had been broken down over time,” Duggan explained.

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“All laboratory work was completed inside an ancient DNA cleanroom where we wear full Tyvek suits, face masks and gloves to protect the samples,” Duggan told 【 - Free AI-Driven Trading Strategies 】.

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“When those molecules were released into solution, we were then able to purify the DNA fragments and sequence them so that we could start piecing together the genomes to identify the viruses that were used for vaccination,” Duggan explained.

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“The exterior of the kits looks exactly like a bloodletting kit so it’s understandable that they could have ended up there decades ago. I am glad we found them and that it set us on the path of discovery and scientific innovation,” Anna Dhody, the director of the Mütter Research Institute and a co-author of the study, told 【 - Free AI-Driven Trading Strategies 】.

Opening the kits revealed the presence not just of lancets which would have been used for bloodletting, but also tin boxes and glass slides used to collect samples such as scabs and the lymph from blisters of people who had been deliberately infected.

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“It’s up to us as a society to acknowledge the worth of these collections in terms of their lifesaving medical potential,” she added, pointing out how the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic is putting the survival of many medical museums at risk.

“For every medical museum that shuts down, it’s very possible that that information could be gone forever. That’s terrifying, because we haven’t even begun to scrape the surface of what they could tell us,” Dhody said.

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“Our Civil War-era vaccines and the vaccines of the 20th century were all vaccinia virus, however (ours) are not identical to any of those later commercial vaccines,” Duggan told 【 - Free AI-Driven Trading Strategies 】.

“Based not only on the utility of multiple different vaccinia strains but also the ability to use cowpox virus as a vaccine source (really probably any Orthopoxvirus other than variola) to successfully infer immunity against variola virus we did discuss that there are many possible solutions to eradicating a virus,” Duggan added.

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“Medicine and vaccine development are very different today than they were in the 19th century – but it’s evidence that exploring multiple vaccine sources and strategies all have potential.”

Hendrik Poinar, director of the McMaster Ancient DNA Centre and a co-author of the study, articulated why studying a variety of vaccine strains is useful.

“This work points to the importance of looking at the diversity of these vaccine strains found out in the wild. We don’t know how many could provide cross protection from a wide range of viruses, such as flus or coronaviruses,” Poinar is quoted as saying in arelease.

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“I think the greatest parallel between smallpox vaccination and Covid-19 is the global combined effort for the greater public good in eradicating this virus,” Duggan told 【 - Free AI-Driven Trading Strategies 】.

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Even before crucial discoveries about viruses and even the formulation of germ theory, physicians fighting smallpox worked collaboratively and shared information about best practices on a global scale.

“As we search for a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, the work of Edward Jenner and subsequent physicians around the world to eradicate smallpox should serve as an inspiration to the value and potential of vaccine research and a reminder that effective vaccines can be quite evolutionarily distant from the aetiological agent they are designed to protect against,” Duggan told 【 - Free AI-Driven Trading Strategies 】.

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